Angličtina na celý týden / 4.
Present Perfect Simple active and passive
Read the sentences and answer the questions.
1. a. Chemicals and fertilizers have polluted the lake.
b. The lake has been polluted by chemicals and fertilizers.
2. a. The reconstruction has been stopped.
b. The authorities have stopped the reconstruction.
Which sentences are passive and which are active?
Present Perfect Continuous
Read the sentences and answer the questions.
1. a. The problem has got worse.
b. The problem has been getting worse.
2. a. The ship has sunk.
b. The ship has been sinking.
Which sentences
- focus on the result or completion of the action?
- focus on the activity itself?
Glossary
- fertilizer – umělé hnojivo
- to pollute – znečistit
- to sink – potopit se
Key:
1a, 2b – active, 1b, 2a – passive
1a, 2a – result, 1b, 2b - activity
____________________________________________
How we spend our time III
Did you know that…?
- The average American fourteen-year-old spends only half an hour a day doing homework, and less than a fifth of young people participate in sports, clubs, music or other traditional hobbies. Instead, sixty-five percent say they spend their time chatting on their mobiles and hanging out with their friends in shopping malls.
- In the UK, pensioners are almost twice as active as teenagers, according to recent research. People over sixty-five spend nearly two hours a day doing physical activities such as walking, cycling, gardening or sport, while teenagers spend only seventy-five minutes. However, surprisingly, people who use the internet regularly do more sport than people who never use it.
- People may spend more time at work these days, but are they always working? The latest research reveals that each day the average British employee spends fifty-five minutes chatting, sixteen minutes flirting, fourteen minutes surfing the internet and nine minutes sending e-mails to friends!
Glossary
- a fifth – pětina
- to participate in – účastnit se
- to chat – povídat/tlachat
- to hang out – potloukat se/trávit nečinně čas
- while – zatímco
- however – nicméně
- the latest – nejnovější/poslední
- research – výzkum
- to reveal – odhalit/ukázat
_____________________________________________
Used to + infinitive
- These days, workers make the decisions their bosses used to make.
- The Czech Republic didn’t use to be a democratic country.
- Did workers use to get a share of the profits?
Use used to + verb to describe past habits, routines, and states that are now finished.
Complete these sentences to give true information about yourself.
Example: I never used to do much sport, but now I do a lot.
1. I never used to ………………., but these days ……………….
2. I used to think that ………………., but ………………..
3. I didn’t use to ……………….
4. I used to ………………..
Match the sentences in A to the categories in B.
A
1. I usually get up at 6 a.m.
2. I used to get up at 6 a.m.
3. I am used to getting up at 6 a.m.
B
a. a past habit or routine
b. a present habit or routine
c. an activity which I am accustomed to, and which is no longer new or difficult
Glossary
- these days – v současnosti/v dnešní době
- a share of the profits – podíl na zisku
- to describe – popsat
- a habit – zvyk
- to be accustomed to – být zvyklý na
1. I usually get up at 6 a.m.= b. a present habit or routine
2. I used to get up at 6 a.m. = a. a past habit or routine
3. I am used to getting up at 6 a.m. = c. an activity which I am accustomed to, and which is no longer new or difficult
“Prokleté” sloveso “use”
Vazby “used to + infinitive” a “be/get used to + gerundium” se velmi často zaměňují a jejich špatné užití je typickým příkladem Czenglish. V prvním případě ztratilo sloveso “use” svůj původní význam úplně a nepřekládá se,v druhém případě se překládá jako “být zvyklý/zvyknout si”.
Srovnejte:
I used to live alone. Bydlíval jsem sám.
I can’t get used to living alone. Nemohu si zvyknout na to, že bydlím sám.
______________________________________________
Laws and regulations of the past
- In eighteenth-century England, people had to pay “window tax” for each window in their house. However, this law was eventually changed because many poor people chose to live in houses without windows just so that they didn’t have to pay.
- In the nineteenth century, female teachers in the USA couldn’t get married, or even go out with men. If they got engaged, they had to resign from their job immediately. Male teachers, on the other hand, could get married and have children without any problem.
- If you travelled in any motor vehicle in nineteenth-century Britain, the law said that someone had to walk in front of you waving a red flag, or a red lamp at night. This meant, in practice, that you couldn’t travel at more than eight kilometres per hour.
- In the US Midwest in the 1880s, you were not allowed to eat an ice-cream soda on Sunday. Restaurants solved this problem by serving ice-cream without soda, which became known as a “Sunday” or a “sundae”.
Glossary
- a law - zákon
- a regulation – předpis/nařízení
- a tax – daň
- eventually – nakonec
- to go out with – vyjít si/jít na rande
- to get engaged – zasnoubit se
- to resign from (a job) – rezignovat/vzdát se (práce)
- on the other hand – na druhé straně/naopak
- a vehicle – vozidlo
- to wave – mávat
- a flag – vlajka/praporek
- a soda – limonáda/sodovka
- to solve – vyřešit
- a sundae – zmrzlinový pohár
______________________________________________
Free time and chat
Leisure activities
Men and women are nearly equal in the living room. Every day women watch TV or listen to the radio for two hours 37 minutes, only twenty minutes less than men. On the other hand, women are in the kitchen, or doing the housework, for 2 hours 18 minutes, while men spend just 45 minutes doing housework. For exercise, she goes to the gym or does yoga. He goes for a walk or, in 35% of cases, doesn’t do anything at all. Men like driving more than women, though 95% of drivers of both sexes consider themselves “above average”.
Conversation topics
Regarding chat, women tend to talk a lot about relationships and other people, and they say about 7,000 words a day. Men talk about sport and use only 2,000 words a day. Conversations that aren’t about sport tend to be about work, politics, economics or abstract ideas, for example “how the world began”.
Glossary
- leisure activities – volnočasové aktivity
- on the other hand – na druhou stranu
- though – ačkoli/i když
- to consider – považovat
- regarding – co se týče/pokud jde o
- to tend to – mít tendenci
__________________________________________________
Past Simple and Past Continuous
We use the past continuous to talk about what was happening at a particular moment in the past.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
It is often used at the beginning of stories to explain the situation.
This happened several years ago. I was staying by the sea with friends. We were having lunch on the beach …
We use the past simple for complete, finished actions in the past.
When the past simple and past continuous are used together, the past continuous refers to the longer, background action or situation. The past simple refers to the shorter action or main event that happened to interrupt it.
I was walking through the park when the storm began.
We use the past continuous for temporary actions and situations.
I was living in Barcelona last summer.
We use the past simple for longer or permanent situations.
I lived in Berlin for ten years when I was a child.
- particular – konkrétní/určitý
- to refer to – odkazovat na/týkat se
- the background – pozadí (zde průvodní)
- an event – událost
- to interrupt – přerušit
- temporary – dočasný/přechodný
Text pro vás připravili lektoři jazykové školy Channel Crossings
Texty © Channel Crossings, 2011. Kopírování a šíření textů bez souhlasu autora je zakázáno.
